Home  ›  what are the reasons why nepotism could be harmfull to a nations well-being

what are the reasons why nepotism could be harmfull to a nations well-being

Written By terça-feira, 12 de abril de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Favoritism granted to relatives

Nepotism is a form of favoritism which is granted to relatives and friends in various fields, including business concern, politics, entertainment, sports, fitness, religion, and other activities.[1] [2] The term originated with the assignment of nephews to important positions past Cosmic popes and bishops.[3]

Nepotism has been criticized since the ancient times by several philosophers, including Aristotle, Valluvar, and Confucius, condemning it as both evil and unwise.[iv]

Origins [edit]

The term comes from Italian word nepotismo,[5] [half dozen] which is based on Latin root nepos meaning nephew.[seven] Since the Middle Ages and until the tardily 17th century, some Catholic popes and bishops – who had taken vows of chastity and, therefore, usually had no legitimate offspring of their own – gave their nephews such positions of preference as were often accorded by fathers to sons.[8]

Several popes elevated nephews and other relatives to the cardinalate. Often, such appointments were a means of continuing a papal "dynasty".[ix] For instance, Pope Callixtus III, head of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, afterward used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander Half dozen.[10] Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later get on to get Pope Paul Three.[eleven]

Paul Three also engaged in nepotism, appointing, for instance, two nephews, aged fourteen and 16, as cardinals. The practice was finally limited when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem, in 1692.[eight] The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a key.[12]

Mention in aboriginal literature [edit]

In the 2nd book of the Kural literature, which forms a transmission for governments and corporations, Valluvar suggests virtually nepotism and favouritism thus: "If yous choose an unfit person for your job simply considering you dear and you like him, he volition lead you to endless follies."[thirteen] According to him, nepotism is both evil and unwise.[iv]

Types [edit]

Political [edit]

Nepotism is a common accusation in politics when the relative of a powerful figure ascends to like ability seemingly without appropriate qualifications. The British English expression "Bob's your uncle" is thought to take originated when Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, promoted his nephew, Arthur Balfour, to the esteemed post of Chief Secretary for Ireland, which was widely seen as an deed of nepotism.[14]

Organizational [edit]

Nepotism can also occur within organizations, when a person is employed due to their familial ties.[15] Information technology is generally seen as unethical, both on the office of the employer and employee.[16]

In employment [edit]

Nepotism at work tin mean increased opportunity at a job, attaining a job or being paid more than other similarly situated people.[17] Arguments are fabricated both for and against employment granted due to a family connection, which is virtually common in small, family run businesses. On 1 paw, nepotism can provide stability and continuity. Critics cite studies that demonstrate decreased morale and commitment from non-related employees,[18] and a generally negative mental attitude towards superior positions filled through nepotism. An article from Forbes mag stated "in that location is no ladder to climb when the top rung is reserved for people with a certain proper name."[xix] Some businesses prevent nepotism as an upstanding matter, considering information technology too troublesome and confusing.[ citation needed ]

In entertainment [edit]

Outside of national politics, accusations of "nepotism" are made in instances of prima facie favoritism to relatives, in such cases as:

  • Peaches Geldof's function every bit magazine editor in an MTV reality prove – produced by a company owned past her father Bob Geldof.[20] [21]
  • Tori Spelling's breakout role on Beverly Hills 90210 as a result of her male parent Aaron Spelling's involvement with the show.[22]
  • Hollywood'due south Coppola family unit includes many distinguished filmmakers and actors. The careers of Sofia Coppola, Nicolas Cage, and Jason Schwartzman have been attributed to aid past director Francis Ford Coppola, who cast his girl Sofia in The Godfather Part III.[23] [24] Muzzle inverse his last name to distance himself from such charges.[25] [ meliorate source needed ]

Selected examples by country [edit]

Argentina [edit]

In Argentina, nepotism is a very common practice. Although there have been diverse attempts of reducing information technology,[26] it is difficult in a country where state jobs are used as a gratitude token or party favoritism.

Former president Mauricio Macri has been investigated for nepotism after allegedly extending a tax amnesty to their family unit.[27]

The Kirchnerist political party has openly stated the beliefs in nepotism, treating meritocracy equally a pejorative concept. The authorities'due south ministries and secretariats are plagued with friends, family unit and militants of the electric current political party leaders, many of which were criticized for existence incapable in their jobs.[28] This has been very evident during the Cristina Kirchner'south presidencies (2007–2015) and Alberto Fernández presidency (2019–present).

Australia [edit]

Anna Bligh, who won the 2009 Queensland Land election, has been accused of nepotism by giving her hubby Greg Withers a position as the Office of Climate Change head.[29]

Before long after his appointment as the Anglican Archbishop of Sydney in 2001, Peter Jensen was defendant, in an Australian Broadcasting Corporation interview, of nepotism after nominating his brother Phillip Jensen as Dean of Sydney and appointing his wife Christine Jensen to an official position in the Sydney diocese.[thirty]

Azerbaijan [edit]

On 21 February 2017, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev appointed his wife Mehriban Aliyeva to be Vice President of Azerbaijan.[31]

Belgium [edit]

Over the past decade, criticism has been growing over the creation of political dynasties in Kingdom of belgium, in which all of the traditional political parties have been involved. This phenomenon has been explained by the fact that prominent party members control the ranking of candidates on political party lists for elections and a candidate's identify on a list determines whether or not he or she is elected. Some other justification for the phenomenon is the importance of proper name recognition for collecting votes.[32]

Claims of nepotism have been fabricated against Bruno Tobback, the son of senator and former minister Louis Tobback, a member of the Flemish socialists, became the Belgian federal government's government minister for the pensions and environment at 35 in 2005.[33] Alexander De Croo, the son of former speaker of the Belgian parliament Herman De Croo, ran for the leadership of his father's party Open VLD at historic period 33.[34] Finally there is the case of Maya Detiège, the daughter of former mayor of the metropolis of Antwerp Leona Detiège, who herself is the daughter of the sometime mayor of Antwerp Frans Detiège.[32] Amid other examples are former minister Freya Vandenbossche and senator Jean Jacques De Gucht, beingness the daughter and son of respectively erstwhile minister Luc Vandenbossche and former minister Karel De Gucht.

Cambodia [edit]

Prime Minister Hun Sen and senior members of Parliament are known for their paw in getting family unit members into government positions. In the 2013 Cambodian parliamentary elections, at to the lowest degree eight candidates were sons of high-ranking Cambodian People'due south Party officials.[35] All ruling political party sons lost, only were eventually appointed into loftier-ranking regime positions.

China [edit]

For the past 3,000 years, nepotism has been common in China'southward association and extended family unit based culture. Confucius wrote nearly the importance of balancing "filial piety with merit". The clan-based feudal system collapsed during Confucius' lifetime, withal nepotism has continued through the modern age.[36] [37]

France [edit]

In Oct 2009, Jean Sarkozy, the 2nd son of the President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy, was poised to get the managing director of the major EPAD [fr] authorisation despite lacking any higher education degree and professional experience.[38] In 2008 he was voted regional councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, the boondocks of which his male parent had previously been mayor.[39]

In September 2009, rap-producer Pierre Sarkozy, the kickoff son of then-President Nicolas Sarkozy, asked SCPP [fr] for a financial contribution of around €10000 towards an €80000 artistic project. Considering he was not a SCPP member, the request was automatically rejected. Pierre Sarkozy then went to the Élysée which led to an Élysée aide contacting the SCPP, and SCPP president Marc Guez assuring the issue would shortly be favorably resolved.[40] [41] According to Abeille Music [fr] president and SCPP fellow member Yves Riesel, however, this would not happen every bit SCPP'south financial assistance has been restricted to members just for months.[42]

Hellenic republic [edit]

In Greece information technology is common practise for family members of electric current or onetime political party leaders to be political party members and become appointed every bit ministers when the party is in regime.[43] In addition, there take been three prime ministers from the Papandreou family unit,[44] two from the Mitsotakis family unit (one currently serving),[45] 2 from the Karamanlis family (a third i is currently serving as minister of transportation).

Bharat [edit]

Nepotism in India is common in politics, judiciary, concern, the film industry, religious circles, and many other types of organizations. Many judges and advocates of the high courts and the Supreme Court of Republic of india are alleged to be appointed by exercising casteism, nepotism,[46] [47] [48] and favoritism, primarily due to the Supreme Court and the high court appointment process called Collegium[49] which recommends to the President, in a legally binding fashion, the names of judges to be appointed or promoted to the higher judiciary. The diverse judicial services exams are likewise infamous for these practices.[50] Rahul Gandhi, Former President of the Indian National Congress party, is a descendant of Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi.

Nepotism in the Indian film industry [edit]

The Kapoor family,[51] one of the well-nigh prolific generational families involved in Indian cinema, have been known for bringing their children into the manufacture with their endorsements and influence.[ citation needed ] In June 2020 a fresh debate on nepotism followed soon afterwards the suicide[52] of actor Sushant Singh Rajput, which fans believe was in reaction to efforts past Bollywood insiders to boycott him.[53] Filmmaker Karan Johar, who Rajput had worked with in the Netflix film Bulldoze, was quickly accused of nepotism past actress Kangana Ranaut, with Rajput'due south fans calling for a boycott of Johar and his studio, Dharma Productions, as well as of actor Salman Khan and his brothers, who were accused of bullying outsiders in the by.[ citation needed ] Actors and actresses Alia Bhatt, Varun Dhawan, Janhvi Kapoor, Ishaan Khatter, Ananya Pandey, Athiya Shetty, Tiger Shroff, Arjun Kapoor and Sara Ali Khan, all of whom hail from film families, were also widely criticized.[54]

Sri Lanka [edit]

Sometime President of Sri Lanka, Mahinda Rajapaksa, has been defendant of nepotism, appointing 3 brothers to run important ministries and giving out other political positions to relatives, regardless of their merit. During his presidency, the Rajapaksa family held the ministries of finance, defense, ports and aviation, and highways and road development. The president's blood brother, Gotabhaya Rajapaksa, was given the post of Defense force Secretary. He likewise controlled the armed forces, the police force and the Declension Guard, and was responsible for immigration and emigration. Rajapaksa appointed his brother Basil Rajapaksa as minister of Economic Development. Together, the Rajapaksa brothers controlled over 70% of Sri Lanka's public budget. Mahinda Rajapaksa's eldest blood brother, Chamal Rajapaksa, was appointed equally the Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka, and has held many other posts before, while his eldest son, Namal Rajapaksa, is also a fellow member of the parliament and holds undisclosed portfolios.[55] [56]

Others include: his nephew, Shashindra Rajapaksa, who is the former Chief government minister of Uva; one of his cousins, former Sri Lankan ambassador to the United States, Jaliya Wickramasuriya; and some other cousin, Udayanga Weeratunga, who is the former ambassador to Russia. Dozens of nephews, nieces, cousins, and in-laws take as well been appointed as heads of banks, boards, and corporations.[56]

Chandrika Kumaratunga, who served as the former President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005 and sometime Prime number Government minister of Sri Lanka in 1994, is the daughter of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and Sirimavo Bandaranaike who both served as Prime Ministers of Ceylon from 1956 to 1959, 1960 to 1965, 1970 to 1977 and 1994 to 2000. Her brother Anura Bandaranaike served every bit the Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from 2000 to 2001

Also, former president Ranasinghe Premadasa's son Sajith Premadasa is the Opposition leader of Sri Lanka who ran for presidential election in 2019 as well.[57]

Likewise Ranil Wickremesinghe who served as prime government minister of Sri Lanka from 1993 to 1994, 2001 to 2004, 2015 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 is a nephew of onetime Sri Lankan president J. R. Jayewardene.[58] Also a defence force state minister of his regime Ruwan Wijewardene is also a cousin of Ranil Wickremesinghe.[59] Also Ruwan is the cracking grandson of UNP founder and Sri Lanka'southward beginning Prime Minister D. Southward. Senanayake. Ruwan has been given a loftier priority in the party by Ranil by giving leadership roles.[60] [61] [62]

Indonesia [edit]

Suharto, Indonesia'due south second president, is involved in nepotism, alongside abuse and collusion (together, they are known every bit corruption, collusion, and nepotism Indonesian: korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme) (unremarkably abbreviated to equally KKN). Companies belonging to Suharto's children, particularly Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana ("Tutut"), Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy"), and Bambang Trihatmodjo, were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include the toll-freeway company Jasamarga (monopolized by Tutut), the national motorcar project Timor (monopolized past Bambang and Tommy), and the movie theatre market place (monopolized by 21 Cineplex, which is owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono). The family is said to control about 36,000 km2 of real estate in Indonesia, including 100,000 m2 of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly forty% of the land in Democratic republic of timor-leste. Additionally, Suharto's family unit members received gratuitous shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run past Suharto'southward indigenous-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to found "strategic partnerships" with the former Indonesian president's family companies.[63] [64]

Mauritius [edit]

Nepotism is very mutual and very rampant in Mauritian politics, with many relatives and friends of high-ranking politicians existence appointed high-ranking positions and associated companies existence granted regime contracts.

Since the first democratic elections in 1948, the field of politics in Mauritius has been marked by a handful of families who have controlled the four major political parties which exist to this day. They are ofttimes referred to as the "modern dynasties" of Mauritian politics such as the Duval, Bérenger, Curé, Uteem, Mohamed, Boolell, Ramgoolam and Jugnauth families. The Boolell family unit'due south involvement in politics started with Satcam Boolell in 1955, paving the fashion for his son Arvin Boolell, nephews Satish Boolell, Anil Gayan, and Sanjay Bhuckory, and son-in-law Sushil Kushiram to enter politics. The Duval dynasty started with ex-Lord mayor and minister Gaetan Duval, followed by his sons Xavier and Richard likewise as grandson Adrien. Lall Jugnauth was the beginning of his clan to enter politics in the 1950s and was followed by his cousins Aneerood and Ashock likewise equally nephew Pravind. Abdool Razack Mohamed, who migrated from Republic of india in the 1930s, became Lord Mayor and minister; his son Yousuf and grandson Shakeel were besides elected and served as ministers.[65] Roshi Bhadain, who was a government minister of the MSM regime, is the nephew of former Labour Party minister Vasant Bunwaree.[66] Roshi Bhadain and Akilesh Deerpalsing (Bhadain's advisor and campaign manager, who is also the son of old minister Kishore Deerpalsing), were investigated past ICAC in 2019 for suspicious recruitment practices when he was a government minister.[67] [68] [69]

In March 2020 Harry Ganoo, the retired brother of Government minister Alan Ganoo, was nominated as the new president du Civil Service College Republic of mauritius a few months afterwards the November 2019 Full general Elections.[70]

Until mid-2020, construction visitor PAD & Co. Ltd was awarded a cord of major contracts such as amalgam the new airport control tower, a new weather radar at Trou aux Cerfs, renovating the Depository financial institution of Mauritius, rehabilitating the coast line of Cap Malheurueux, renovating the Port Louis waterfront, upgrading roads, constructing the Harbour Prowl Last in Port Louis for the Mauritius Port Authorization, and upgrading the navigation channels at Port Mathurin, Pointe La Gueule, and Baie aux Huîtres in Rodrigues, among other projects.[71] PAD & Co. Ltd's possessor, Alain Hao Thyn Voon, is the son of Philippe Hao Thyn Voon, president of the Olympic Committee, with very close ties to the MSM.[72] Following the St Louis gate scandal and discovery of fake bank guarantees, PAD & Co. Ltd went under voluntary assistants.[73]

In June 2020, MP Eshan Juman revealed details of a contract betwixt the Ministry of Land and Housing and a individual firm called Smart Clinics Ltd. The firm is partly endemic by MSM Parliamentary Private Secretary Ismaël Rawoo and his family. The contract was a lease of 60 years on 2 acres of prime number beachfront state-endemic state in Grande Rivière Noire, in the sectional precinct of Tamarin in Black River.[74] As part of the deal, Rawoo's family will acquire the lease for Rs 15.05 meg and will onsell the lease for Rs 250 million, generating a profit of around Rs 235 1000000.[75] [76]

In August 2020, V. Gobin, a 75-year-old retired schoolhouse teacher and male parent of Attorney General Maneesh Gobin, was nominated as Chairman of the Mahatma Gandhi Found and the Rabindranath Tagore Constitute. Maneesh Gobin was elected to Parliament within the ruling MSM authorities in 2014 and 2019 and his father V. Gobin was elected in one case in 1987.[77] [78] A week earlier, Rishikesh Hurdoyal, the brother of MSM Government minister of Ceremonious Service Vikram Hurdoyal, was nominated as chairman and President of the Republic of mauritius Shipping Corporation Ltd, in addition to being a manager of the State Bank of Mauritius. The new nomination volition let Rishikesh Hurdoyal to receive an extra Rs 54,540 per month, as well equally an additional Rs ten,125 per month equally amusement allowance, with access to a chauffeured company auto with 245 litres of fuel per month.[79]

Nepotism under Anerood Jugnauth [edit]

In May 1992, the Banking company of Mauritius issued a Rs 20 note which featured the portrait of Sarojini Jugnauth, wife of Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth. The portrait was considered to be a birthday gift from Anerood to his married woman. This developed into a major controversy, which led to Anerood confirming in parliament that he had approved the issue of the new note. He apologised to the population and stated he would not commit such a mistake in the future.[eighty]

Despite her defeat in the 2014 general elections, Maya Hanoomanjee became Speaker of the National Assembly, Sarojini Jugnauth'southward niece. In 2015, Maya's daughter Naila was appointed to the newly created position of CEO of the Country Property Development Company. In 2018, she was also appointed every bit CEO of Landscope Mauritius, another state-owned corporation.[81] Maya'southward other daughter, Sheila, was involved in a 2017 controversy, when it was revealed that her visitor was allocated the contract to supply biscuits to various state-endemic organisations and municipal councils. The tins had misleading labels that read "Fabricated in UK" when in fact they were produced by a local Mauritian baker.[82]

In December 2015 Rita Venkatasawmy, niece of Sarojini Jugnauth, was nominated the Ombudsman For Children despite having no qualifications in the judiciary.[83] Her predecessor Vidya Narayen was a retired judge who held the position from 2011. Prior to Gauge Vidya Narayen the position was held from 2003 to 2011 by lawyer Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra.[84]

Soon subsequently the retirement of Satyaved Seebaluck in 2016, Prime Minister Aneerood Jugnauth nominated his close relative Nayen Koomar Ballah as Caput of the Civil Service and Secretarial assistant to Chiffonier. Nayen Ballah is the cousin of Sarojini Jugnauth. In March 2018, Ballah was decorated with the championship of Grand Lodge of the Star and Key of the Indian Bounding main.[83]

In 2017, several opposition MPs raised questions in the National Associates almost the business dealings of MSM Minister of Technology Yogida Sawmynaden's wife Wenda. It was revealed that the buyer of controversial dispensary Apollo Bramwell had been pressured to employ the services of notary public Wenda Sawmynaden, Yogida's wife. The private clinic had been valued at Rs ii billion but was sold for only Rs 77 1000000. Despite the conflict of interest, Wenda pocketed fees worth Rs 7 1000000.[85] In some other example political pressure was applied for Sit down Property Development Ltd to host an emergency meeting for Wenda to be made the preferred notary public regarding the sale of parcels of prime existent estate within a new gated community at Côte-d'Or.[86] Wenda's blood brother Harry Krishna Vydelingum was besides appointed every bit president of the Republic of mauritius Institute of Training and Development following a failed attempt to make him part of the direction lath of Mauritius Post. Wenda was as well allocated diverse contracts by various country-run corporations, such equally NHDC, the Republic of mauritius House Company, SICOM, the Sugar Investment Trust, the Sugar Industry Pension Fund Board, and diverse banks.[87]

Nepotism under Navin Ramgoolam [edit]

Following the electoral defeat of the Labour Political party in 2014, ex-Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam was arrested on suspicions of money laundering and conspiracy. A police raid of his firm exposed several safes containing brand new bank notes to the value of Rs 220 one thousand thousand rupees, exclusive credit cards and prescription medication tablets. His girlfriend Nandanee Oogarah-Soornack, accompanied by his Xara, had escaped Mauritius to her castle in Italy a day before the announcement of election results with an estimated Rs 800 million rupees. Attempts to extradite her back to Republic of mauritius failed.[88] Nandanee'south rapid accumulation of wealth with the help of Ramgoolam was closely examined by the printing and investigators, and it was revealed how she nerveless millions of rupees through companies prepare as monopolies of food outlets at Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport.[89] [ninety] [91] [92]

Subsequently the December 2014 elections, the new government instigated criminal proceedings to recover about 1,000 acres (one,150 arpents) of country-owned land which had been allocated to the activists and allies of Ramgoolam nether his Labour regime since 2005. The chief recipients of the various lots of Crown country ranged from Labour activists to associates to corporations, and the country was used for varying purposes including resorts, restaurants, and houses.[93] Ane recipient of the land, Sandranee Ramjoorawon'south hubby Rajiv Beeharry, was a trusted adviser of Navin Ramgoolam and was appointed as CEO of the country-owned MauBank. Labour Party Treasurer Deva Virahsawmy'south company Midas Acropolis was also granted 31 arpents of Crown land at St-Félix subsequently the Labour government cancelled the development permit previously awarded to a man of affairs from Réunion Island. Prior to the Dec 2014 elections the ministry building held by Deva Virahsawmy canonical the Environment Impact Assessment for state clearing of the 31 arpents in preparation of the evolution of a new hotel. Within the harbour precinct, state land was granted to Beta Cement, owned by Veekram Bhunjun, a relative of ex-minister Rajesh Jeetah. Bhunjun was besides awarded 12.5 arpents at Petite-Rivière-Noire via his company Western Marina.[94]

In 2008, a private visitor called Pride Bridge Limited was formed past Nandanee Soornack'southward father and his associates.[95] Pride Span Ltd was soon granted 30 arpents of pas géométriques state-owned land at Poste de Flacq in 2008 for a "mixed development project" against a eolith of Rs 5 million. However the owners of the well-established estate Constance La Gaité objected against the proposed project past questioning its legality and six years later on Soonack's and Chundunsing's company gave up the 30 arpents every bit Navin Ramgoolam was defeated in the 2014 elections, soon after which Nandanee Soornack fled to Italy.[96]

Ramgoolam'due south sister Sunita Ramgoolam-Joypaul claimed and received more than Rs 3.1 meg from the government every bit per diem for accompanying the and then-PM's wife overseas. One of the visits was in September 2007 when she travelled to New York. Another costly visit was when Sunita Ramgoolam-Joypaul travelled to France in 2008. Veena Ramgoolam claimed and received more than Rs half dozen million from the regime for accompanying her husband overseas.[97]

Romania [edit]

Romanian Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu'south family members "dominated" the country for decades.[98] [99] Elena Băsescu, the girl of President Traian Băsescu, was elected in 2009 to the European Parliament, despite the fact that she had no significant professional person or political experience.[100]

Singapore [edit]

Singapore'south government has been the target of numerous charges of nepotism, with several members of the Prime number Minister's family holding high posts. Lee Kuan Yew, who was prime government minister from 1959 to 1990, preceded his son Lee Hsien Loong. Other family members holding loftier positions include Lee Hsien Yang, the director of the National Neurological Institute, and Lee Hsien Yang, the chief executive officer of Singapore Telecommunications from 1995 to 2007. The family unit members dispute the charges as they arise.[101]

Spain [edit]

Nepotism occurred in Castilian Colonial America when offices were given to family members.[102] [ example needed ]

Juan Antonio Samaranch Salisachs, son of Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the International Olympic Commission (IOC) from 1980 to 2001, has been a member of the International Olympic Commission since 2001, and his girl, Maria Teresa Samaranch Salisachs, has been president of the Spanish Federation of Sports on Ice since 2005.[103]

United Kingdom [edit]

The Marquess of Salisbury, who was Prime Minister for three split occasions from 1885 to 1902 for a full of approximately fourteen years, appointed his nephew Arthur Balfour as Master Secretarial assistant for Republic of ireland in 1887 and afterwards as Prime Minister in 1902. This is supposedly the origin of the phrase "Bob'south your uncle".[104]

In February 2010, Sir Christopher Kelly, chairman of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, said that more than 200 MPs used Parliamentary allowances to utilise their ain relatives in a diversity of office roles. He suggested that the do should exist banned.[105]

In 2005, Councillor Ann Reid of York bundled for all ix sets of traffic lights on her daughter Hannah's wedding route through York to exist switched to green for the five-automobile convoy. As a consequence, the nuptials party took only 10 minutes to laissez passer through the city.[106]

North Yorkshire Police'south Chief Constable Grahame Maxwell was disciplined by the IPCC in 2011, simply refused to resign, after albeit that he assisted a relative through the first stages of a recruitment process.[107]

Many Northern Irish politicians apply family members. In 2008, 19 elected politicians of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) directly employed family unit members and relatives comprising 27 of its 136 staff.[108]

Boris Johnson, the electric current Prime Minister was accused of nepotism for having appointed his blood brother Jo Johnson to the House of Lords, having previously likewise appointed him to his Chiffonier as Government minister of State for Universities, Science, Inquiry and Innovation.[109]

Jesse Norman is a British Conservative Political party pol serving as Financial Secretary to the Treasury since 2019. He has personally endorsed the retrospective 2019 Loan Charge despite there being seven confirmed suicides linked to the charge, including ane in which he was named. In 2020, Norman'south wife, Kate Bingham was appointed chair of the Uk's Vaccine Taskforce—the group prepare to lead Great britain efforts to find and manufacture a COVID-19 vaccine—despite other more qualified people being proposed.[110]

U.s.a. [edit]

Palm Beach County, Florida schools reinforced nepotism rules as of 2012 to ensure an "equitable work environment".[111]

In December 2012, a report from the Washington Mail indicated diverse nepotism practices from the District of Columbia and Northern Virginia'due south Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA), including 1 family unit with v members working for the MWAA. One of the reasons given by the associate general counsel to defend the alleged nepotism was "if [the employees are] qualified and competed for [the positions] on their ain, I don't see a problem with relatives working in the aforementioned organization."[112] The inspector full general of the U.S. Department of Transportation and the U.S. Congress pressured the MWAA to resolve practices of nepotism. Authorisation employees are no longer allowed to straight or indirectly influence hiring or promotion of relatives, as documented in their ethics policy.[113]

In 2016, Philadelphia 76ers chairman of basketball operations Jerry Colangelo named his son Bryan Colangelo his general manager without a thorough search for the position.[114]

Politics [edit]

President John Adams appointed his son John Quincy Adams every bit the showtime United states Minister to Prussia.

Around 30 family unit members or relatives of President Ulysses S. Grant prospered financially in some way from either government appointments or employment.[115]

Franklin Roosevelt submitted the name of his son Elliott Roosevelt to the Senate for promotion to brigadier general. Post-obit threats of resignation and pressure level, Elliott Roosevelt was made a rated pilot during World War Two. A suitable vacancy could not be found for him subsequently his father's death, and his last day of service was VJ-Day. Franklin Roosevelt also appointed his son James Roosevelt every bit administrative assistant to the president and secretary to the president. James Roosevelt was the White Firm coordinator for eighteen federal agencies. Time magazine suggested that James Roosevelt might be considered "Assistant President of the The states".

John F. Kennedy fabricated his brother-in-police force, Sargent Shriver, the offset director of the Peace Corps and his brother, Robert F. Kennedy, Chaser Full general.[116]

President Richard Nixon appointed John Eisenhower as United States Ambassador to Kingdom of belgium. Richard Nixon was the male parent to Eisenhower's daughter-in-police force.

In 1979, Pecker Clinton, inside weeks of beingness newly elected as Governor of Arkansas, appointed his wife Hillary to chair of the Rural Health Advisory Commission.[117] In 1993, newly elected equally President of the The states, he again appointed his married woman to chair a Task Force on National Health Care Reform. In 2013, Neb appointed his daughter Chelsea a member of the governing lath of the Clinton Foundation and Clinton Global Initiative.[118]

In 2017, President Donald Trump was accused of nepotism after appointing both his son-in-law Jared Kushner and his daughter Ivanka (married to Kushner) into advisory roles to the president.[119] Neither Jared nor Ivanka take a salary, and "counselor" is not an official tax-paid government employee position. In 2020, President Trump appointed his son Eric Trump's brother-in-law, Kyle Yunaska, to the position of NASA Deputy Chief of Staff. Yunaska holds a 2009 MBA and a 2007 Bachelor of Science in Direction and Physics, both from East Carolina University. Yunaska was a paid government employee.[ citation needed ]

Legality [edit]

Current (since 1995)[120] U.S. court rulings have held that the White House itself does non constitute an "agency" for the purposes of adhering to existing anti-nepotism laws on the books.[121]

Venezuela [edit]

Nepotism is known to be adept past President of the Venezuela National Associates, Cilia Flores. Nine positions in the National Assembly were filled by Flores' family members, including a mother in law, aunt, 3 siblings, a cousin and her female parent, and 2 nephews.[122] [123]

Zimbabwe [edit]

The tardily Robert Mugabe was reported to be preparing his wife Grace Mugabe to be the next president of Zimbabwe while he was president.[124] Vice President Joice Mujuru was previously considered to exist the favored successor to Mugabe.[125]

Types of partiality [edit]

Nepotism refers to partiality to family whereas cronyism refers to partiality to an associate or friend. Favoritism, the broadest of the terms, refers to partiality based upon being part of a favored grouping, rather than job performance.[126]

Meet also [edit]

  • Reciprocity
  • Political families
  • Bastard feudalism
  • Blat (term)
  • Conduce
  • Collective narcissism
  • Conjugal dictatorship
  • Cronyism
  • Crony capitalism
  • Family unit dictatorship
  • Guanxi
  • Ingroup bias
  • Hereditary monarchy
  • Hereditary politicians
  • List of cardinal-nephews
  • Mercantilism
  • Merit system
  • Networking
  • Professional person courtesy
  • Quondam boy network
  • Simony
  • Spoils organization
  • Wasta

References [edit]

  1. ^ "nepotism". Cambridge Dictionary . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  2. ^ "nepotism". Dictionary.com . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "nepotism". New Cosmic Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007.
  4. ^ a b Sundaram, P. Due south. (1990). Tiruvalluvar: The Kural (Beginning ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. p. 12. ISBN978-0-14-400009-8.
  5. ^ "Nepotism." Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  6. ^ "In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History". Adam Blare Booknotes interview transcript. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  7. ^ "Article nepos". CTCWeb Glossary . Retrieved 10 September 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Article Nepotism". New Catholic Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  9. ^ Gianvittorio Signorotto; Maria Antonietta Visceglia (21 March 2002). Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–116. ISBN978-1-139-43141-v . Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  10. ^ "Article Pope Alexander VI". New Catholic Dictionary . Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  11. ^ "Commodity Pope Paul Three". Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  12. ^ Anura Gurugé (16 February 2010). The Adjacent Pope. Anura Guruge. p. 115. ISBN978-0-615-35372-2 . Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  13. ^ Rediscovering a Management and Leadership Manual in Ancient Indian Literature – Knowledge@Wharton
  14. ^ From Aristotelian to Reaganomics: A Dictionary of Eponyms With Biographies in the Social Science, by R. C. S. Trahair, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994, p. 72. Retrieved online from Google Books, xxx July 2012.
  15. ^ Hotho, Jasper; Minbaeva, Dana; Muratbekova-Touron, Maral; Rabbiosi, Larissa (1 September 2020). "Coping with Favoritism in Recruitment and Selection: A Communal Perspective". Journal of Business organization Ethics. 165 (4): 659–679. doi:10.1007/s10551-018-4094-nine. ISSN 1573-0697.
  16. ^ "Richard Utz, "Beyond Consanguinity," Inside Higher Ed, 24 March 2010.
  17. ^ "Nepotism at Piece of work". Safeworkers.co.britain. 20 Apr 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  18. ^ "Family unit Ties: Handling Nepotism Within Your Business – Perspectives – Inside INdiana Business concern with Gerry Dick". Insideindianabusiness.com. 9 Nov 2010. Retrieved xx June 2013.
  19. ^ Kneale, Klaus. "Is Nepotism Then Bad?". Forbes . Retrieved xx June 2013.
  20. ^ "Peaches Geldof bags TV reality testify equally magazine editor". Sundaymirror.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  21. ^ "A horrific history that has repeated itself for Peaches". telegrap.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 Jan 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  22. ^ "Tori Spelling admits getting Shannon Doherty fired". contained.ie. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Extra: Nepotism in the Director'due south Chair at". Hollywood.com. 21 April 2000. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved half-dozen March 2011.
  24. ^ "Zilch is true, everything is permitted – Coppola nepotism hate". Spiritof1976.livejournal.com. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  25. ^ Nicolas Cage – imdb biography
  26. ^ "AM – Nepotismo: el "sueño argentino"". Deutsche Welle. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  27. ^ "Argentine president probed for nepotism in revenue enhancement immunity". Yahoo News. 13 Dec 2006. Retrieved 12 Oct 2021.
  28. ^ "Denuncias de nepotismo y falta de experiencia para ocupar cargos públicos". Clarin. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  29. ^ Houghton, Des (28 June 2008). "Anna Bligh'due south Labor in problem in the polls" Couriermail, 28 June 2008. Retrieved 17 Baronial 2009.
  30. ^ "AM – Archbishop Jensen accused of nepotism". Australian Dissemination Corporation. 18 Nov 2002. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  31. ^ "Meeting of Security Council held nether chairmanship of President Ilham Aliyev VIDEO". Azertag. 21 Feb 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  32. ^ a b "Politiek België is familiezaak – Buitenland – Telegraaf.nl [24 uur actueel, ook mobiel] [buitenland]". Telegraaf.nl. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  33. ^ Martin Hurst (i March 2005). "Tobback: making his mark". Investment & Pensions Europe. IPE International Publishers Limited. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  34. ^ "Alexander De Croo wil voorzitter Open Vld worden". Gva.exist. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  35. ^ "Sons of the party anointed". Meas Sokchea. 6 May 2013. Retrieved vi May 2013.
  36. ^ "High-level officials monopolise party promotion mechanism, study finds". Southward Red china Morning Post. half dozen July 2014.
  37. ^ Adam Bellow (13 July 2004). In Praise of Nepotism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 89–92. ISBN978-one-4000-7902-five . Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  38. ^ "Poll shows majority against task for Sarkozy'due south son". Reuters.com. xvi October 2009. Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. Retrieved half dozen March 2011.
  39. ^ "Sarkozy´s Son Climbs New Rung On Political Ladder". dalje.com. Kontineo oglašavanje d.o.o. sixteen June 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  40. ^ "Népotisme et Sarkozysme, acte II (màj)". Electronlibre.info. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  41. ^ "Après Jean, un coup de pouce de l'Elysée pour Pierre Sarkozy". Rue89.com. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  42. ^ "Après Jean, l'Elysée se met au service de Pierre Sarkozy". Liberation.fr. 8 November 2009. Retrieved half-dozen March 2011.
  43. ^ "To φαινόμενο της "οικογενειοκρατίας" στη Βουλή από τη Μεταπολίτευση μέχρι σήμερα". Lifo (in Greek). fifteen October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ^ Thomas Jr., Landon (12 July 2011). "Family Differences, Global Issues". The New York Times . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ "Greece elections: Centre-correct regains power under Kyriakos Mitsotakis". BBC News. eight July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ "सर्वे: हाईकोर्ट के fifty और सुप्रीम कोर्ट के 33% जज चंद घरानों के बेटे-भतीजे, भारत में ज्यूडिशरी का हाल". जनसत्ता. जनसत्ता. 26 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020.
  47. ^ "'Nepotism' in Collegium System, Alleges Allahabad HC Judge in Fawning Letter to Modi". The Wire. 4 July 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.
  48. ^ "Govt gives collegium 'proof' of nepotism in picks for HC judges". The Times of India. i Baronial 2018. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018.
  49. ^ "Who's the Gauge?". The Statesman. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019.
  50. ^ "Check complaints of judges' children clearing judicial exam: Sadananda Gowda asks Chief Justice". The Indian Express. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015.
  51. ^ "When Ranbir Kapoor confessed he was a production of nepotism, said 'I would like to work hard for my children and so that they get the right opportunity'". Hindustan Times. 20 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  52. ^ MumbaiOctober 5, Bharat Today Web Desk-bound; October 5, 2020UPDATED; Ist, 2020 xix:50. "Dr Sudhir Gupta shares crucial facts on Sushant Singh Rajput death AIIMS report: 8 points". Bharat Today . Retrieved 15 June 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors listing (link)
  53. ^ Yadav, Jyoti (20 June 2020). "Karan Johar, Alia Bhatt lose lakhs of Instagram followers as Sushant fans telephone call out 'nepotism'". ThePrint . Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  54. ^ "Never made any efforts to brand friends inside Bollywood: Kangana Ranaut". www.timesnownews.com . Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  55. ^ "A state of war strange every bit fiction". The Economist. seven June 2007.
  56. ^ a b "Asia Times Online :: Southern asia news, business and economic system from Republic of india and Pakistan". Atimes.com. xi November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  57. ^ Srinivasan, Meera (26 September 2019). "UNP names Sajith Premadasa as presidential candidate". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  58. ^ Srinivasan, Meera (22 December 2018). "Ranil Wickremesinghe, who has just made another improvement, looks alee". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved xiv June 2021.
  59. ^ "You are beingness redirected..." www.dailymirror.lk . Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  60. ^ "You are being redirected..." world wide web.dailymirror.lk . Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  61. ^ tharindu. "Ranil's focus on giving UNP leadership to Ruwan?". world wide web.srilankamirror.com . Retrieved xiv June 2021.
  62. ^ Lancelot (fourteen September 2020). "Stance: It's Ruwan! – Wijewardene in line to pb the UNP". Lanka Business Online . Retrieved fourteen June 2021.
  63. ^ "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved four February 2006.
  64. ^ "Global Corruption Study" (PDF). Transparency International. Retrieved six August 2009.
  65. ^ Hilbert, Patrick. "Ces dynasties qui règnent sur la politique". defimedia.info. Defimedia Grouping. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  66. ^ "Roshi Bhadain: L'enfant gâté du Sun Trust qui voulait aller trop vite". Le Mauricien. Retrieved eighteen June 2017.
  67. ^ Nuckcheddy, Ashna (26 January 2019). "Recrutements: Roshi Bhadain dans le viseur de la commission anticorruption". 50'Express. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  68. ^ "La garde rapprochée de Roshi Bhadain". BizWeek. fourteen April 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  69. ^ "L'ex-ministre Kishore Deerpalsing est décédé". Le Mauricien. Retrieved ten February 2018.
  70. ^ "Le frere de Alan Ganoo nomme president du Civil Service College Mauritius". Zinfos Moris. Retrieved xiv March 2020.
  71. ^ Moris, Due east. "Contrats de renovation à la pelle pour Pad Co. Ltd". Zinfos Moris. Retrieved v September 2019.
  72. ^ "Philippe Hao Thyn Voon poura-t-il renouveler united nations nouveau mandat?". Zinfos Moris. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  73. ^ "Retombées de l'affaire St-Louis : Pad & Co Ltd passe sous administration volontaire". Defimedia. Retrieved vii July 2020.
  74. ^ "Deux arpents de Pas Géométriques alloués à la famille Rawoo". v Plus. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  75. ^ Hilbert, Patrick. "Polémique autour d'un terrain sur les pas géométriques loué par l'Etat à une compagnie dont le PPS Rawoo est actionnaire". Le Defi. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  76. ^ Lismore, Paul. "PPS and dentist Rawoo with the weid smile extracting a fortune from selling the charter of our land". Zinfos Moris. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  77. ^ "Vishwadeo Gobin: Il faut assurer un meilleur apprentissage de l'anglais". Fifty'Express. 8 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  78. ^ "Enter the male parent of Maneesh Gobin". Zinfos Moris. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  79. ^ "Nomination: le frère de Vikram Hurdoyal est le Chairman de la Mauritius Shipping Corporation". 50'Express. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  80. ^ "IL Y A EU VINGT ANS, LE MOIS DERNIER: 50'affaire du barracks de Rs 20 – Le Mauricien". Le Mauricien (in French). 6 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  81. ^ "Naila Hanoomanjee 50'apogée du népotisme MSM". sundaytimesmauritius.com. Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  82. ^ Prayag, Touria (23 Feb 2017). "Because they are worth it". lexpress.mu. 50'Express Weekly. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  83. ^ a b "State capture: the tentacles around the country". 50'Express. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  84. ^ "Rita Venkatasawmy: La troisième Ombudsperson pour les Enfants prêtera serment ce mercredi". Le Mauricien. Retrieved 6 Dec 2015.
  85. ^ "Rachat d'Apollo Bramwell : le choix de Wenda Sawmynaden comme notaire". Defimedia. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  86. ^ "Wenda Sawmynaden: des honoraires de Rs 7 m cascade Apollo Bramwell". Concern Mega. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  87. ^ Moris, East. "Wenda Sawmynaden étrangement présente dans les scandales". Zinfos. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  88. ^ Grisham, John (15 Feb 2017). "About Nandanee Soornack's case: some other 1 bites the dust". lexpress.mu. 50'Express. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  89. ^ "Nandanee Soornack Warrant for Arrest". Indian Ocean Times . Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  90. ^ Soormally, Raffick (29 August 2014). "Navin Ramgoolam : Private life, public figure, public interest". lexpress.mu. 50'Limited. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  91. ^ Wan, James. "Changing fortunes of Mauritius' ousted leaders". Aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  92. ^ "Soornack's printing conference Much ado nigh zippo". defimedia.info. Le Defi Media. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  93. ^ "Terres de l'Etat: la VoH chassée de La Vigie". lexpress.mu. L'Express. March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  94. ^ "Terres de l'Etat: ces proches du PTr ciblés par le gouvernement". lexpress.mu. L'Express. March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  95. ^ "Enquête : quand un ancien associé de Soornack prêche la morale". Defimedia. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  96. ^ "Terres de fifty'Etat : Chundunsing était l'associé de l'ex-copine de Navin Ramgoolam". Within News. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  97. ^ "Déplacements à l'Etranger de Navin Ramgoolam : Les Plus Gros Bénéficiaires de Per Diem Connus". Business organisation Mega. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  98. ^ Adam Bellow (13 July 2004). In Praise of Nepotism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-4000-7902-5 . Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  99. ^ Edward Behr (21 May 1991). Osculation the paw you cannot bite: the rise and fall of the Ceauşescus. Villard Books. p. 175. ISBN978-0-679-40128-5.
  100. ^ "Search on Elena Băsescu nepotism". Zaire.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  101. ^ "Singapore's Lee Family and Nepotism". Asia Sentinel. 24 Feb 2012.
  102. ^ Alan R. Freitang, Ashli Quesinberry Stokes; Ashli Quesinberry Stokes (22 December 2008). Global Public Relations: Spanning Borders, Spanning Cultures. Routledge. p. 208. ISBN978-one-134-06129-7 . Retrieved xx June 2013.
  103. ^ "La larga carrera de un hombre polifacético". El País. 21 April 2010. . (in Spanish)
  104. ^ Langguth, A. J. (1981). Saki, a life of Hector Hugh Munro : with six brusk stories never before collected. Saki, 1870–1916. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 65. ISBN9780671247157. OCLC 7554446.
  105. ^ "Ban on MP spouse jobs 'essential'". BBC News. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  106. ^ Stokes, Paul (18 October 2005). "Councillor turns lights green for daughter's wedding". The Telegraph. York, Uk. Archived from the original on 11 Jan 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  107. ^ "Chief constable remains despite calls for resignation". BBC News. Due north Yorkshire, UK. 12 May 2011.
  108. ^ "DUP'south two tribes". Belfast Telegraph. 22 Feb 2008.
  109. ^ "The Queen to Confer 36 new peerages equally allegations of nepotism are made". Royal Cardinal. 31 July 2020.
  110. ^ "Kate Bingham Appointed Chair of UK Vaccine Taskforce". Hereford Vocalization . Retrieved xi Nov 2020.
  111. ^ "Palm Embankment Canton Schoolhouse Board reinforces nepotism rules". tribunedigital-sunsentinel . Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  112. ^ Thomson, Cheryl W. (8 December 2012). "D.C. airport authority employment is oft a family affair". Washington Mail service . Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  113. ^ Editorial Board (10 December 2012). "Airports authorization must make clean upwards its act on nepotism". The Washington Mail . Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  114. ^ "Reports: Nepotism to Supervene upon Sam Hinkie equally Sixers GM". Crossing Broad. vii April 2016.
  115. ^ Lawrence 1000. Salinger (2005). Encyclopedia of white-collar & corporate crime, Book 2. Vol. two. pp. 374–375. ISBN9780761930044.
  116. ^ Jeffrey M. Elliot; Sheikh R. Ali (1 September 2007). The PresidentialCongressional Political Dictionary. Wildside Printing LLC. p. 88. ISBN978-1-4344-9140-4 . Retrieved twenty June 2013.
  117. ^ Kelly, Michael (xx Jan 1993). "The Commencement Couple: A Union of Mind and Appetite". The New York Times . Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  118. ^ McGann, Eileen (5 May 2015). "Nepotism Princess Chelsea Clinton To Write Volume For Young People On Most Important Problems; No Mention Of Jobs And Student Loans Debt". The Hillary Daily. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  119. ^ Alan Yuhas (ten January 2017). "Trump names son-in-police force Jared Kushner as senior adviser, testing anti-nepotism law". The Guardian.
  120. ^ Haddon v. Walters, 43 F. 3d 1488 – Courtroom of Appeals, Dist. of Columbia Excursion 1995
  121. ^ Sheth, Sonam (25 May 2017). "Ivanka Trump's new White House position could exist an upstanding minefield". Business Insider . Retrieved sixteen January 2020.
  122. ^ Simon Romero (18 February 2007). "Chávez family indomitable past nepotism claims". The New York Times . Retrieved xx June 2013.
  123. ^ "Nacional y Política - eluniversal.com" (in Spanish). Buscador.eluniversal.com. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  124. ^ Thornycroft, Peta; Blair, David (31 October 2014). "Mugabe accused of 'bedroom coup' as he prepares his married woman for presidency". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2 Nov 2014.
  125. ^ JR ASAP BEATZ,ASAP Press
  126. ^ Judy Nadler and Miriam Schulman. "Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism". Santa Clara University. Retrieved twenty June 2013.

Further reading [edit]

  • "American Calendar" in American Quarterly 25.four (October 1973): 493–96.
  • Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Do University of North Texas Digital Library.
  • "Nepotism: is it back?" New Statesman, 29 September 2003.
  • [i] Nepotism in Organizations, 2012
  • Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). "Political Connections Reduce Chore Creation: Business firm-level Evidence from Lebanese republic". Periodical of Evolution Studies. 57 (8): 1373–1396. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622. S2CID 229717871.

External links [edit]

  • Hollywoodnepotism.net
  • Booknotes interview with Adam Bellow on In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History, 24 August 2003.

bonnerwhillazies.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism

0 Response to "what are the reasons why nepotism could be harmfull to a nations well-being"

Postar um comentário

Assinar: Postar comentários (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel